Thailand Accuses Cambodia of Stationing Troops at World Heritage Site During Border Fighting

Thailand’s government says that it has evidence that Cambodia stationed troops at Preah Vihear temple during fighting along the border last year, shortly after UNESCO released a report detailing the “profound” conflict-related damage to the temple structure. Preah Vihear, a Cambodian temple perched on the country’s border with Thailand, has been the subject of a long-standing dispute between Bangkok and Phnom Penh. It was also a focus of clashes that broke out along the two nations’ land border in July and December 2025. Last week, UNESCO published a report detailing the extensive damage sustained by the World Heritage-listed temple. The 100-page report, which was assembled by specialists from the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and International Council on Monuments and Sites following visits to the temple during March 1-6, observed that “every part of the monument” was targeted, leaving many of the temple’s architectural elements either “completely destroyed” or otherwise damaged by “heavy shelling” and “shrapnel impacts.” “The mission analyzed that the strikes have wreaked havoc, leaving a profound and detrimental impact on the integrity of the property,” the report stated. “A number of architectural elements were completely destroyed by direct, heavily damaged, dislocated, and/or overturned by severe blasts.” UNESCO said that “the surface of most walls is now disfigured by shrapnel impacts and the heavy shelling may also have weakened the cliffs, endangering their stability.” The report identified a total of 562 damaged areas on the temple complex from both the July and December clashes. It concluded that “urgent action” was needed to protect Preah Vihear from further incidents, arguing that it was “threatened by serious and specific danger,” due to the unresolved border dispute. It finished by calling for “multilateral negotiations to obtain guarantees that no further acts of hostilities will occur” and that other measures at the site can proceed. The UNESCO report was the subject of detailed coverage in the Cambodian press, and was augmented by comments from government officials accusing the Royal Thai Army of recklessly (or even deliberately) targeting the temple structure. Thailand has not denied the attacks, but has accused Cambodia of stationing troops within the temple complex, violating international laws against the use of cultural heritage sites in conflict. Speaking to the press on Saturday, Air Chief Marshal Praphas Sonchaidee, director of the Joint Information Center on the Thailand-Cambodia conflict, said that the army possessed evidence of Cambodian troops using the area around Preah Vihear temple as a military position, which he said should be subject to an independent and impartial review. The alleged evidence includes “aerial images, coordinates and photographs of weapons allegedly located in the area, including anti-tank rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), small arms, and positions for anti-aircraft weapons,” The Nation newspaper reported. Praphas added that “all sides have a shared responsibility” not to use cultural heritage sites for military purposes. “Thailand asks only for the same standard to be applied to everyone: verify the facts, protect lives and protect the heritage of humanity,” he said. While the UNESCO report detailed the extensive damage to the temple and clarified that Thailand could be liable under international law for attacks on cultural properties, it has done little to verify whether or not the Cambodian military used the temple and its surroundings. If the latter later proves true – and it seems unlikely that the Thai military would have launched an attack on a temple site that it claims as part of its own cultural heritage – it would presumably moderate Thailand’s legal and moral responsibility. However, getting a straight answer to this question is unlikely to be easy. Like many elements of the border dispute, such as the frequent reports of injuries to Thai soldiers from landmines along the border, this issue seems destined to be lost in an exchange of accusations and counteraccusations that is very hard to separate from the highly emotive and self-exculpatory rhetoric from both sides. Without either side being willing to admit any degree of fault, and with relations at a decades-long low, it is hard to see how they can guarantee that the Preah Vihear temple won’t again be caught in the crossfire.