How To Tell The Rebels Have Won: The Structural Defeat of Empire

Eqbal Ahmad, one of Pakistan’s finest public intellectuals of the 20th century, offered a ruthless litmus test for imperial decay in “How To Tell The Rebels Have Won”: ignore what power says — watch what its enemies dare to do. When those once expected to kneel begin to set terms, the empire’s fate is no longer a question. It is a conclusion. Empires are not undone by declarations but by disobedience — by the moment their threats stop working. What we have just witnessed is precisely...